If you decide that you want a bonsai, you will have to choose between buying a ready-made tree or styling your own. Additionally, you must determine whether you wish to keep the bonsai indoors or outdoors because the type of tree you choose is dependent on the local environment.
In terms of growing, training, styling, and general maintenance, indoor and outdoor bonsai are virtually identical. The only difference is the climate. However, seasonal care of a bonsai plays a more important role in outdoor bonsai trees as they are exposed to the elements.
I have already covered indoor bonsai tree care and types of indoor bonsai trees in earlier articles.
In their natural habitat, outdoor trees are happy, but if they are grown in different conditions, such as those found in other parts of the world, special care may be required to maintain a climate that is more like their natural environment.
Placement
Bonsai trees to be kept outdoors in a temperate climate will typically be those species and varieties that are hardy in such climatic conditions. They also have the benefit of being exposed to ample light and high humidity. (Hence, unlike indoor bonsais, no need for grow lights, humidity tray or a south-facing window)
They will normally be able to tolerate harsh climates such as very cold temperatures- 14°F (-10°C) up to fairly hot summer high temperature- 86-104°F (30-40°C).
Now, exposure to the sun also depends on the type of bonsai tree.
Hardy trees may become slightly tender if they are covered during normal cold winters, making them prone to damage from late spring frosts when removed from that winter protection. As a result, it is best not to overprotect such trees, as it could result in greater problems than if they were left outdoors all winter.
Watering
As with all plants, bonsai require water to survive and grow. When kept outdoors, bonsai can get some of their water needs from rainfall, but if kept indoors, they will have to rely entirely on the bonsai grower.
Despite seeming obvious, it is a truth that cannot be overstated since many people are unable to assess the watering needs of bonsai, whether they are indoors or outdoors.
In order to maintain the health and vigor of bonsai, it is essential to follow the correct watering regime. Bonsai should never be allowed to dry out or become waterlogged, as both can prove fatal. It is demoralizing when a bonsai dies after spending so much time and effort creating it.
While outdoor trees benefit from rainfall, you shouldn’t assume watering will be unnecessary even if it rains heavily. The soil may not get wet at all if a tree has a very heavy foliage canopy, similar to an umbrella. As a result, you will still need to water your bonsai, making sure to apply it under the foliage canopy and on the soil itself.
You should always keep the soil moist (generally water when the topsoil feels a little dry), but do not water it so much that the soil and roots become waterlogged. Watering cans with fine roses are ideal, or you can attach a fine rose to a hose if your bonsai collection is large.
There are many factors that will influence the frequency of watering. For instance, strong winds or sun, or a combination of both, can quickly dry out the soil of bonsai. It is therefore crucial to monitor the moisture level in the bonsai soil every day during the summer, spring, and early autumn. (Do not stick to a fixed watering schedule)
Because deciduous trees do not have foliage in the winter, they will need much less water. Therefore, only a light sprinkle of water may be necessary every month during the winter. You will also find how to water your bonsai helpful.
Feeding
Feeding your bonsai is as important as watering it. Feed your bonsai with the correct type and dose of fertilizer, and at the correct intervals throughout the year.
As with all plants, bonsai will absorb some nutrients from the fertilizer, but watering will leach any remaining nutrients from the soil. Therefore, nutrients must be added regularly.
With experience, you will learn the right balance of fertilizer for your bonsai. While fertilizers are essential to your bonsai’s health, they should always be used sparingly so that the trees do not put on an excessive amount of “forced” growth that will disrupt their compact nature. Conversely, insufficient feeding can result in unhealthy specimens that cannot survive.
Fertilizers for bonsai are available in various forms:
- Slow-release granules
- Liquid forms
- Soluble powders
As foliar feeds, some of these can be sprayed on the foliage with an atomizing spray or watered into the soil with a watering can.
Alternatively, pellets can be pushed into the soil and covered over. You can obtain specially formulated fertilizer pellets for bonsai from bonsai suppliers. They are a slow-release organic fertilizer that will supply nutrients, and therefore all the necessary feeding requirements, to bonsai for several weeks or months.
Liquid feed should only be applied at the recommended dose or less. Please also read: Feeding your bonsai tree.
How often should you feed a bonsai tree?
It is best to apply half-strength fertilizer to your trees once every week or every two weeks during the spring and summer in order to maintain a gentle feeding schedule.
Once autumn approaches, a fertilizer of very low- or zero-nitrogen strength will be required to harden the current year’s growth, allowing your trees to survive the winter better. Also, generally a bonsai tree is not fertilized in its dormancy period in the winter.
Following is a feeding schedule you can use for your outdoor bonsai trees:
| Common outdoor bonsai trees | Flowering bonsai trees | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Season | If using liquid Feed | If using Slow-release Feed | Type of Feed |
| Late Winter | |||
| Early Spring | High Nitrogen (1/Month) | 3 months release (1 application) | |
| Mid-spring | High Nitrogen (2/Month) | Balanced (2/month) | |
| Balanced (1/Month) | |||
| Late Spring | Balanced (3/Month) | Balanced (1/month) | |
| Rose/Tomato fertilizer (2/Month) | |||
| Early Summer | Balanced (4/Month) | 3 months release (1 application) | Rose/Tomato fertilizer (4/Month) |
| Midsummer | Balanced (4/Month) | Rose/Tomato fertilizer (4/Month) | |
| Late Summer | Balanced (2/Month) | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen (2/Month) |
| Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Rose/Tomato fertilizer (2/Month) | ||
| Early Fall | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen (4/Month) |
| Mid-Fall | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen (2/Month) |
| Late Fall | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen - only for pine trees (1/Month) | Low Nitrogen (1/Month) |
| Early Winter | |||
| Mid-winter | |||
General Maintenance
General maintenance of your bonsai will include things like, regular pruning, soil maintenance, pot maintenance, wire training, pest and diseases and winter care.
Regular Pruning
Pruning is very important to maintain the shape and compactness of the your bonsai tree. Also knowing the right time to prune your bonsai tree is crucial. Refer to our comprehensive guide in types of bonsai trees to know exactly when to prune your bonsai tree.
Soil maintenance and repotting
The soil surface is not only important for the health of your bonsai tree, but also for the overall appearance of your bonsai.
- Remove fallen leaves or needles from the soil surface. You can do this with the help of a bonsai brush.
- Remove any moss and troublesome weeds such as liverwort and pearlwort. This can be done with a pair of tweezers.
Read more about bonsai tools here. In this article you will learn the use of various bonsai tools.
Bonsai plants survive in a pot using the same soil for a long period of time. After a given amount of time, the nutrients in the soil are used up by the tree. Hence, there is a need to change the soil and provide the tree with fresh soil. Here comes the concept of repotting your bonsai.
Besides refilling the pot with fresh soil, this also helps reduce the size of overgrown roots. Generally the repotting time for a bonsai is every 2 years. However, it varies greatly depending on the species of the tree and the age of the tree. Once again, please refer to bonsai tree species to know the exact repotting time for a particular bonsai tree.
Pot maintenance
A “bonsai” is not just the tree, but the combination of the tree and the pot. Hence choosing the right pot and maintaining the bonsai pot is crucial. Please read how to choose a pot for your bonsai for more details.
Some bonsai pot maintenance guidelines are as follows:
- Ensure that the pots are washed and dried thoroughly before use.
- If you run into difficulty when cleaning your bonsai pots, then a kitchen scrub pad is an ideal aid for scrubbing dirty bonsai containers. It will remove algae, calcium deposits and any stubborn dirt.
- Spray a leaf-shine product on a pot to enhance its appearance and color. It dries quickly and gives the pot an extremely natural appearance; it also protects it from algae, deposits, and dirt.
- You can wipe the pot with some vegetable oil, using a lint-free cloth to ensure that no small particles of lint are left behind.
Wire your bonsai
Wiring is done to shape a bonsai tree to a desired shape. You wont have the luxury of your bonsai growing its branches in a direction you wish. Hence, you will need to learn wiring to bend some branches to your desired directions. Please read how to wire a bonsai tree for more details. In that comprehensive guide we have covered all the guidelines and tips/tricks of wiring a bonsai tree.
Winter protection – Bonsai winter care
Depending on your climate, you may need to protect your bonsai during the cold weather of winter. You may need to take extra precautions for your bonsai winter protection if your trees will be exposed to temperatures below freezing or significant temperature drops are expected. The trees may be placed under a display bench, in a greenhouse, or in a shade tunnel. (or even in an unheated garage)
- It is advisable to place bonsai trees on wood staging to keep them off the ground when placing them under benches. Furthermore, you will have to provide additional protection for the benching’s front, sides, and back.
- Small bonsai trees can be put in containers filled to the brim with peat so that the rootball and pot are covered.
The extra-winter protection methods should only be used if necessary since overprotecting normally hardy species can cause new growth issues in the spring.
Pest and disease management
Bonsai are generally made from hardy shrubs and trees, so they are not particularly susceptible to pests and diseases. There will, however, be instances of both, so knowing what to do is crucial.
If a pest or disease is correctly identified, a suitable remedy can be applied. The most effective way to avoid diseases is to keep your environment clean. It is usually possible to control most pests and diseases through good hygiene practices. Please read how to keep your bonsai pests free.
Application of pesticides and fungicides is also feasible. However, ensure that you carefully read the instructions on the packet and are wearing suitable protective clothing.
Some of the common pests of bonsai are Aphids, Scale insects, Vine weevil, caterpillars etc. Some common diseases of bonsai are damping off, powdery mildew, root rot, rust etc.
Please refer to our comprehensive guide to bonsai pests and diseases identification and treatment. We have covered all the organic and inorganic remedies you can use to get rid of any pest-related problem.
Frequently asked Questions
Can bonsai tree survive outside?
Yes. In fact, there are certain bonsai tree species that can only be grown outdoors. For example Juniper bonsai or pine bonsai. (However, there are a few pine bonsai types that can be grown indoors – Aleppo pine and Australian pine). Unlike indoor bonsai trees (which are subtropical or tropical trees), bonsai trees grown outdoors are hardy evergreens or deciduous trees that need a cold winter to dormancy.
Where should I put my outdoor bonsai tree?
When it comes to placing your outdoor bonsai tree, there are a few factors to consider.
- First, it’s important to choose a location that receives the right amount of sunlight. Most bonsai trees prefer to be placed in an area that gets partial to full sun. However, the specific amount of sunlight required will depend on the type of bonsai tree you have.
- Secondly, consider the climate in your area. Some bonsai trees are better suited to certain climates than others. Make sure to choose a tree that is well-suited to your climate, and then place it in an area where it will be protected from extreme temperatures and winds.
- Lastly, think about the aesthetic qualities of your outdoor space. Bonsai trees can be a beautiful addition to any outdoor area, so take the time to choose a location that will showcase the tree’s beauty and enhance the overall look of your outdoor space.
Generally speaking, a good location for an outdoor bonsai tree is one that receives partial to full sunlight, is protected from extreme weather conditions, and adds to the overall aesthetic appeal of your outdoor space.
Can bonsai survive in indirect sunlight?
Most bonsai trees can survive in indirect sunlight, but it depends on the specific species of tree and the intensity of the light. While bonsai trees generally prefer partial to full sunlight, some species can tolerate lower light conditions.
If your bonsai tree is located in an area with indirect sunlight, make sure to monitor it closely and adjust its placement as needed. If the tree starts to show signs of stress or lack of growth, it may need to be moved to an area with more direct sunlight.
It’s important to note that while some bonsai trees can survive in low light conditions (for example English Ivy bonsai), they may not thrive as well as they would in an area with more direct sunlight. So if possible, it’s best to provide your bonsai tree with the optimal amount of sunlight for its specific species.
Can bonsai live in hot weather?
Yes, many species of bonsai can live in hot weather. However, it’s critical to make sure that your bonsai tree is not exposed to extreme heat or direct sunlight for prolonged periods of time. This can damage or kill the tree.
To help your bonsai tree thrive in hot weather, make sure to provide it with ample water and keep it in an area with partial to full shade. You can also use a shade cloth or other shading device to protect the tree from direct sunlight and extreme heat.
It’s also a wise idea to monitor your bonsai tree closely during hot weather conditions and adjust its care as needed. If the tree shows signs of stress, such as wilting or yellowing leaves, it may need more water or be moved to a cooler location.
All things considered, with proper care and attention, bonsai trees can thrive in a variety of climates, including hot weather conditions.
Can bonsai survive heavy rain?
Bonsai trees can generally survive heavy rain, but it’s important to take certain precautions to protect the tree from damage.
- One of the biggest concerns with heavy rain is that the soil around the bonsai tree can become waterlogged, which can lead to root rot and other issues. To prevent this, make sure that the soil around the tree is well-drained and that excess water can flow away from the roots.
- You can also protect the tree from heavy rain by providing it with a cover or shelter, such as a canopy or umbrella. This will help prevent excess water from soaking the tree and its soil.
- Another consideration is the type of bonsai tree you have. Some species are more susceptible to damage from heavy rain than others. For example, trees with delicate foliage or branches may be more prone to breakage or damage from heavy rain, while hardier species may be more resilient.
Therefore, while bonsai trees can survive heavy rain, it’s important to monitor their health and take steps to protect them from damage, such as providing well-drained soil and shelter from excess water.
How often do you water outdoor bonsai trees?
The frequency of watering outdoor bonsai trees will depend on several factors, such as:
- The species of the tree
- Size of the container
- Type of soil
- Climate
- Amount of sun and wind exposure
Generally, outdoor bonsai trees should be watered when the soil starts to feel slightly dry to the touch. This will typically be once a day during hot and dry weather, but it may be less frequent during cooler or rainy weather.
When watering your outdoor bonsai tree, make sure to water thoroughly, allowing the water to soak all the way through the soil and drain out of the bottom of the container. It’s also important to avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot and other issues.
To determine the best watering schedule for your outdoor bonsai tree, it’s a good idea to monitor the tree’s moisture level regularly. You can adjust your watering schedule as needed based on the tree’s specific needs and current weather conditions.
How long to leave bonsai in rain?
It’s generally not recommended to leave your bonsai tree out in the rain for extended periods of time, especially if it’s heavy rain or there’s a risk of wind damage. While a brief rainfall can be beneficial for your bonsai tree, prolonged exposure to excess water can lead to root rot, fungal diseases, physical damage to the tree or other issues.
If your bonsai tree is caught in the rain, it’s generally okay to leave it outside for a short period of time, especially if the soil and drainage are well-maintained. However, if heavy rain or strong winds are expected, it’s best to move the tree to a sheltered location to protect it from damage.
Therefore, it’s important to monitor your bonsai tree closely during rainy weather and take steps to protect it from excess water or other potential sources of damage. If the tree shows signs of stress or damage after being exposed to the rain, such as wilting or yellowing leaves, make sure to take steps to address the issue and prevent further damage.
Do outdoor bonsai trees lose their leaves?
Yes, outdoor bonsai trees can lose their leaves. The amount of leaf loss will depend on the specific species of tree, as well as climate and seasonal changes. Many deciduous bonsai trees, such as maples, elms, and oaks, will lose their leaves in the autumn as part of their natural cycle. This is a normal process and not a cause for concern.
Other species of bonsai trees, such as evergreens, may also lose some leaves over time. This can be due to factors such as age, stress, or changes in environmental conditions.
If your outdoor bonsai tree is losing a significant amount of leaves or showing signs of other issues, such as wilting or yellowing leaves, it’s important to investigate the cause and take steps to address the problem. This may include adjusting the tree’s watering or fertilization schedule, providing more or less sunlight, or taking other measures to improve the tree’s health and well-being.
Is rain good for bonsai tree?
Rain can be beneficial for bonsai trees, as it can provide much-needed moisture and nutrients to the soil. However, it’s important to monitor the amount of rain and the condition of the soil to ensure that the tree is not being overwatered or exposed to excess moisture.
Moderate rainfall can help to hydrate the soil and encourage healthy growth in bonsai trees. Rainwater can also provide natural nutrients and minerals that can be beneficial for the tree’s health and vitality.
However, heavy rain or prolonged exposure to moisture can lead to problems such as root rot or fungal diseases. It’s important to ensure that the soil around the bonsai tree is well-draining and that excess water can flow away from the roots to prevent these issues.
In conclusion, rain can be beneficial for bonsai trees as long as it’s balanced with proper drainage and care. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the tree’s watering and care routine may be necessary to ensure that the tree remains healthy and vibrant.
Should I leave my bonsai outside at night?
Whether or not you should leave your bonsai tree outside at night will depend on several factors, such as the species of tree, the climate, and the specific needs of your tree.
As long as the weather conditions are not too extreme, many outdoor bonsai trees can be left outside at night. However, it’s important to ensure that the tree is protected from strong winds or other potential sources of damage, such as heavy rain or extreme cold.
If you live in an area with particularly cold or harsh winter conditions, you may need to bring your bonsai tree indoors or provide additional protection to keep it healthy and thriving. Some species of bonsai trees are more tolerant of cold weather than others, so it’s important to research the specific needs of your tree and take appropriate steps to care for it during the winter months.
In general, it’s important to monitor your bonsai tree closely and adjust its care routine as needed based on the specific needs of the tree and the current weather conditions. If you have concerns about leaving your bonsai tree outside at night, it’s always a good idea to consult with a knowledgeable bonsai expert or horticulturist for advice and guidance.
Should I water my bonsai day or night?
Whether you choose to water your bonsai tree during the day or at night will depend on your schedule and personal preference.
- Watering the bonsai tree in the morning or early afternoon: This allows the tree to absorb the water and nutrients throughout the day.
- Watering the bonsai tree in the evening or at night: This can help to prevent evaporation and ensure that the soil remains moist for a longer period of time.
The time of day that you water your bonsai tree is not as important as making sure that you are watering it properly and consistently. As a rule, it’s best to water your bonsai tree when the soil begins to dry out. This may be different depending on the species of tree, the climate, and other factors.
